Virtual Reality for the Management of Postoperative Pain and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Nuss Repair of Pectus Excavatum: Randomized Controlled Trial

Charlotte M Walter   ¹ , MD ;   Dillon Froass   ² , BS ;   Nora Bell   ³ , MD ;   Lauren Haack   ⁴ , MD ;   Chloe Boehmer   ¹ , MA ;   Claudia Bruguera Torres   ¹ , MD ;   Rachel Spivak   ¹ , BA ;   Max Chou   ⁵ , MD ;   Kristie Geisler   ¹ , BS ;   Keith O'Conor   ⁶ , MD ;   Sara E Williams   ⁷ , PhD ;   Lili Ding   ¹ , PhD ;   Christopher D King   ¹ , PhD ;   Vanessa A Olbrecht   ^{8, 9} , MBA, MD

¹ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States

² The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States

³ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

⁴ Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States

⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States

⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States

⁷ Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States

⁸ Department of Anesthesiology, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE, United States

⁹ Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States