An Ensemble Learning Approach to Improving Prediction of Case Duration for Spine Surgery: Algorithm Development and Validation

Rodney Allanigue Gabriel   ^{1, 2} , MD, MAS ;   Bhavya Harjai   ² , BS ;   Sierra Simpson   ² , PhD ;   Austin Liu Du   ³ , BS ;   Jeffrey Logan Tully   ² , MD ;   Olivier George   ⁴ , PhD ;   Ruth Waterman   ⁵ , MD

¹ Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States

² Division of Perioperative Informatics, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States

³ School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States

⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States

⁵ Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States